#include using namespace std; /****************function prototype*****************/ int pbv(int newnum); int pbr_via_ref(int &newnum); int pbr_via_const_ref(const int &newnum); int pbr_via_pointer(int *newnum); int pbr_via_pointer_to_const(const int *newnum); //pointing to constant integer variable_newnum int pbr_via_const_pointer(int *const newnum); //constantly pointing to integer variable_newnum int pbr_via_const_pointer_to_const(const int *const newnum); //constantly pointing to constant integer variable_newnum int *return_parameter(int *newnum); int *returnallocated(int *newnum); /****************************************************/ /******************main function********************/ int main() { int num{10}; cout << pbv(num) << " " << num << endl; cout << pbr_via_ref(num) << " " << num << endl; cout << pbr_via_const_ref(num) << " " << num << endl; cout << pbr_via_pointer(&num) << " " << num << endl; cout << pbr_via_pointer_to_const(&num) << " " << num << endl; cout << pbr_via_const_pointer(&num) << " " << num << endl; cout << pbr_via_const_pointer_to_const(&num) << " " << num << endl; int *return_pointer_from_function{nullptr}; return_pointer_from_function = return_parameter(&num); cout << *return_parameter(&num) << " " << num << endl; int *dynamic_memory{nullptr}; dynamic_memory = returnallocated(&num); cout << *returnallocated(&num) << " " << num << endl; // cout << *dynamic_memory << num << endl; delete[] dynamic_memory; return 0; } /****************************************************/ /**************** function definitions **************/ int pbv(int newnum) { newnum = 20; return newnum; } int pbr_via_ref(int &newnum) { newnum = 40; return newnum; } int pbr_via_const_ref(const int &newnum) { // newnum = 50; error return newnum; } int pbr_via_pointer(int *newnum) { *newnum = 50; return *newnum; } int pbr_via_pointer_to_const(const int *newnum) { // *newnum=60; error...rom int num1{1000}; newnum = &num1; return *newnum; } int pbr_via_const_pointer(int *const newnum) { *newnum = 70; // int num1{1000}; // newnum = &num1; return *newnum; } int pbr_via_const_pointer_to_const(const int *const newnum) { // *newnum = 70; // int num1{1000}; // newnum = &num1; return *newnum; } int *return_parameter(int *newnum) { *newnum = 80; return newnum; } int *returnallocated(int *newnum) { newnum = new int; *newnum = 90; return newnum; } /****************************************************/

pass by value & pass by ref via ref & pointers