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You can use Python for developing desktop GUI applications, websites and web applications.

Python is great for backend web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing.

C language is used to develop system applications that forms major portion of operating systems such as Windows, UNIX and Linux. Operating systems, C compiler and all UNIX application programs are written in C language. Below are some examples of uses of C language.

Database systems
Graphics packages
Word processors
Spread sheets
Operating system development
Compilers and Assemblers
Network drivers
Interpreters

Operating Systems

Be it Microsoft Windows or Mac OSX or Linux - all of them are programmed in C++. C/C++ is the backbone of all the well-known operating systems owing to the fact that it is a strongly typed and a fast programming language which makes it an ideal choice for developing an operating system.

Browsers

The rendering engines of various web browsers are programmed in C++ simply because if the speed that it offers.

Libraries

Many high-level libraries use C++ as the core programming language. For instance, several Machine Learning libraries use C++ in the backend because of its speed.

Graphics

All graphics applications require fast rendering and just like the case of web browsers, here also C++ helps in reducing the latency. Software that employ computer vision, digital image processing, high-end graphical processing - they all use C++ as the backend programming language.

Banking Applications

One of the most popularly used core-banking system - Infosys Finacle uses C++ as one of the backend programming languages.

Cloud/Distributed Systems

Large organizations that develop cloud storage systems and other distributed systems also use C++ because it connects very well with the hardware and is compatible with a lot of machines.

Databases

Postgres and MySQL - two of the most widely used databases are written in C++ and C, the precursor to C++

Embedded Systems

Various embedded systems like medical machines, smartwatches, etc. use C++ as the primary programming language because of the fact that C++ is closer to the hardware level as compared to other high-level programming languages.

Telephone Switches

Because of the fact that it is one of the fastest programming languages, C++ is widely used in programming telephone switches, routers, and space probes.

Compilers

The compilers of various programming languages use C and C++ as the backend programming language. This is because of the fact that both C and C++ are relatively lower level languages and are closer to the hardware and therefore are the ideal choice for such compilation systems.

Here is a list of types of applications C# can develop.

Windows client applications
Windows libraries and components
Windows services
Web applications
Web services and Web API
Native iOS and Android mobile apps
Backend services
Azure cloud applications and services
Backend database using ML/Data tools
Interoperability software such as Office, SharePoint, SQL Server and so on.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning
Blockchains and distributed ledger technology including cryptocurrency
Internet of Things (IoT) devices
Gaming consoles and gaming systems
Video games

Technology is constantly going through an evolution and so are the languages that are used to develop them. Java is one of the popular programming language having n number of applications.

Mobile Applications

Java is considered as the official programming language for mobile app development. It is compatible with software such as Android Studio and Kotlin.

Desktop GUI Applications

All desktop applications can easily be developed in Java. Java also provides GUI development capability through various means mainly Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT), Swing and JavaFX. While AWT holds a number of pre-assembled components like menu, list, button.

Web-based Applications

Java is also used to develop web applications. It provides a vast support for web applications through Servlets, Struts or JSPs. With the help of these technologies, you can develop any kind of web application that you require.

Enterprise Applications

Java is the first choice of many software developers for writing applications and Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) is a very popular platform that provides API and runtime environment for scripting. It also includes network applications and web-services. JavaEE is also considered as the backbone for a variety of banking applications which have Java running on the UI to back server end.

Gaming Applications

Java has the support of the open-source most powerful 3D-Engine, the jMonkeyEngine that has the unparalleled capability when it comes to the designing of 3D games.

Big Data technologies

Java is the reason why the leading Big Data technologies like Hadoop have become a reality and also the most powerful programming languages like Scala are existing. It is crystal clear that Java is the backbone when it comes to developing Big Data using Java.

Business Applications

Java EE platform is designed to help developers create large-scale, multi-tiered, scalable, reliable, and secure network applications. These applications are designed to solve the problems encountered by large enterprises.

Cloud-Based Applications

Cloud computing means on-demand delivery of IT resources via the internet with pay-as-you-go pricing. It provides a solution for IT infrastructure at a low cost. Java provides you with features that can help you build applications meaning that it can be used in the SaaS, IaaS and PaaS development. It can serve the companies to build their applications remotely or help companies share data with others, whatever the requirement.

Ruby is most used for building web applications. However, it is a general-purpose language similar to Python, so it has many other applications like data analysis, prototyping, and proof of concepts.

There are a number of highly visible applications created by Ruby developers with Rails. These include the popular booking site AirBnBand the TV streaming service Hulu. Others include Github, Goodreads, and the calorie-tracking application MyFitnessPal.

Which Language is for which purpose?