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The most important skill to learn in today’s world is to know how to write a computer program. Today, computers have entered in almost every industry. Be it the autopilot in an aircraft or digital speedometer in your bike, computers in various forms surround us. Computers are extremely useful for an organization to scale up well. Gone are the days of pen and paper. Today, in order to store and access your information, you absolutely need computers.

The programming and developer communities are emerging at a rate faster than ever before. Various new programming languages are coming up that are suited for different categories of developers (beginners, intermediate, and experts) as well as for different use cases (web application, mobile applications, game development, distributed system, etc). Let us take a look at best Programming Languages to learn in 2019 for a job and for future prospects:

Python undoubtedly tops the list. It is widely accepted as the best programming language to learn first. Python is fast, easy-to-use, and easy-to-deploy programming language that is being widely used to develop scalable web applications. YouTube, Instagram, Pinterest, SurveyMonkey are all built-in Python. Python provides excellent library support and has a large developer community. The programming language provides a great starting point for beginners. Talking about those who are looking for a better job, you should definitely learn Python ASAP! A lot of startups are using Python as their primary backend stack and so, this opens up a huge opportunity for full-stack Python developers.

Here is a sample Python “Hello World!” program:

print “Hello World!"

The approximate annual salary of a Python developer is $92,000.

Pros:

Creating and using classes and objects is easy thanks to OOP characteristics
Extensive library support
Focuses on code readability
Has the ability to scale even the most complex applications
Ideal for building prototypes and testing out ideas faster
Open-source with an ever-growing community support
Provides support for a multitude of platforms and systems
Very easy to learn and use

Cons:

Not suitable for mobile computing
Slower by virtue of being an interpreted programming language
The database access layer is somewhat immature
Threading isn’t good because of GIL (Global Interpreter Lock)

Java is another popular choice in large organizations and it has remained so for decades. Java is widely used for building enterprise-scale web applications. Java is known to be extremely stable and so, many large enterprises have adopted it. If you are looking for a development based job at a large organization, Java is the language that you should learn. Java is also widely used in Android App Development. Almost any business today needs an Android Application owing to the fact that there are billions of Android users today. This opens up a huge opportunity for Java developers given the fact that Google has created an excellent Java-based Android development framework - Android Studio.

Java is widely used in web and application development as well as Big Data. Java is also used in the backend of several popular websites, including Google, Amazon, Twitter and YouTube. It is also extensively used in hundreds of applications. New Java frameworks like Spring, Struts and Hibernate are also very popular. With millions of Java developers worldwide, there are hundreds of texts available for learning Java programming. In addition, Java programmers are actively involved in a variety of forums where they vet ideas or solve programming problems. Java has a huge community and gets a lot of support.

The average Java developer earns around $94,000.

Pros:

Abundance of open-source libraries
Automatic memory allocation and garbage collection
Follows the OOP paradigm
Has the stack allocation system
High degree of platform independence thanks to the JVM feature
Highly secure due to the exclusion of explicit pointer and inclusion of a security manager responsible for defining the access of classes
Ideal for distributed computing
Offers a galore of APIs for accomplishing different tasks, such as database connection, networking, utilities, and XML parsing
Supports multithreading

Cons:

Absence of templates limits creating high-quality data structures
Expensive memory management
Slower than natively compiled programming languages, like C and C++

JavaScript is an object-oriented computer programming language commonly used to create interactive effects inside web browsers. Typescript is a superset of JavaScript and adds optional static typing to the language. Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the three core technologies of the World Wide Web. It is also used in the front end of several popular websites like Google, Wikipedia, YouTube, Facebook and Amazon. Moreover, it is used in popular web frameworks like AngularJS, Node.js and React.JS.

The approximate salary for someone in this role is $72,500.

Pros:

Client-side JavaScript is very fast. It runs immediately within the web browser as there is no compilation requirement
Gives a richer interface to a website
Highly versatile
It is the programming language of the web
Reduced website server demand by virtue of being client-side
Regular updates via the ECMA specification
Several add-ons, such as Greasemonkey, for extending the functionality
Simplistic implementation
Plenty of resources and a mammoth community support
Used for building a diverse range of applications
Works exceptionally well with other programming languages

Cons:

Absence of copy or equivalent method
Allows only single inheritance
As the code executes on the user machine, many people choose to disable JavaScript due to the fear of being exploited for a malicious intent
Might be interpreted differently by different browsers

Swift is the programming language that is used to develop iOS applications. iOS-based devices are becoming increasingly popular. Apple iPhone, for instance, has captured a significant market share and is giving a tough competition to Android. Therefore, those who want to serve this community can learn Swift programming.

Swift was developed by Apple in 2014 for Linux and Mac applications. An open source programming language that is easy to learn, Swift supports almost everything from programming language Objective-C . It takes less coding compared to other programming languages, and it can be used with IBM Swift Sandbox and IBM Bluemix. Swift is used in popular iOS apps like WordPress, Mozilla Firefox, SoundCloud and even in the annoying game Flappy Bird.

Swift developers earn around $92,000 per year.

Pros:

Automatic memory management prevents memory leaks
Backed by Apple
Better scalability allows easily adding functionalities to the product and/or bringing in additional developers
Easy to add new features
Encourages developers to write clean and readable code
English-like syntax makes it highly readable
Interoperable with Objective-C
It is possible to integrate Server-side Swift with any technology
Makes code sharing better and development process faster when used for both frontend and backend development
Very fast as compared to other popular programming languages, such as Objective-C and Python

Cons:

Limited community support and resources
Somewhat unstable due to being a relatively new arrival on the programming scene
No support for legacy projects; can be used only for iOS7 or later apps

PHP is among the most popular backend programming language. Though PHP is facing a tough competition from Python and JavaScript, the market still needs a large number of PHP developers. Those who wish to join a reasonably well old organization as a backend developer should aim to learn PHP programming.

The national average salary for a PHP Developer is $93,987 in United States.

Pros:

Abundance of powerful frameworks
Easy to get started for making web pages
First-class debugging with Xdebug
Gigantic community support and a huge ecosystem
Lots of automation tools for testing and deploying applications
No scarcity of good automation tools for deployment and testing
Supports object-oriented and functional programming paradigms

Cons:

Developing websites completely in PHP is slower as compared to using other options
Lacks in terms of security
Poor error handling
Requires extensions to a greater extent

If you want to start out with a language that is known for being relatively simple to learn, consider Ruby. Developed in the 1990s, it was designed to have a more human-friendly syntax while still being flexible from the standpoint of its object-oriented architecture that supports procedural and functional programming notation. A web-application framework that is implemented in Ruby, is Ruby on Rails (“RoR”). Ruby developers tout it for being an easy language to write in and also for the relatively short learning time required. These attributes have led to a large community of Ruby developers and a growing interest in the language among beginning developers.

The average salary for a Ruby developer is nearly $90,000 per year.

Benefits:

Flexible
Syntax is considered easy to read and to write (no specialized “vocabulary” in order to get started)
Enforces good programming style

If you are thinking seriously about Android App development, then Kotlin is the programming language to learn this year. It is definitely the next big thing happening in the Android world.

Even though Java is my preferred language, Kotlin has got native support, and many IDEs like IntelliJ IDEA and Android Studio are supporting Kotlin for Android development.

C# is a general-purpose programming language developed by Microsoft. C# is widely used for backend programming, building games (using Unity), building Window mobile phone apps and lots of other use cases.

C# developers earns around $91,000 per year.

Pros:

As pointer types aren’t permitted, much safer than C and C++
Ability to work with shared codebases
Automatic scalable and updateable
Component-oriented, object-oriented programming language
Follows a syntax similar to the C programming language
Fully integrated with the .NET library
Ideal for all types of Windows development
Rich sets of library functions and data types
Supports type safety
Quick compilation and execution times

Cons:

Allows pointers in ‘unsafe’ blocks
Almost all variables are references and memory deallocation is implicit using a garbage collector
Offers less flexibility than C++
Requires decent effort and time to learn
Resolving errors requires serious expertise and knowledge

C/C++ is like the bread and butter of programming. Almost all low-level systems such as operating systems, file systems, etc are written in C/C++. If you wish to be a system-level programmer, C/C++ is the language you should learn. C++ is also widely used by competitive programmers owing to the fact that it is extremely fast and stable. C++ also provides something called as STL - Standard Template Library. STL is a pool of ready-to-use libraries for various data structures, arithmetic operations, and algorithms. The library support and speed of the language make it a popular choice in the High-frequency trading community as well.

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The average salary is nearly $91,000 per year.

Pros:

A galore of compilers and libraries to work with [C++]
Eases accessing blocked or hidden objects by other programming languages [C]
Faster execution of programs than most programming languages [C/C++]
Forms the basis for understanding more complex programming languages [C/C++]
Language of choice for multi-device, multi-platform app development [C++]
Offers a great degree of portability [C]
Procedure-oriented language with a group of function modules and blocks. These make debugging, testing, and maintaining the programs easier [C]
Programs are more efficient and easy to understand [C/C++]
Rich function library [C++]
Runs close to the system hardware and hence, offers a low level of abstraction [C/C++]
Support exception handling and function overloading [C++]
Wide variety of application domains, such as games, GUI applications, and real-time mathematical simulations [C++]

Cons:

Complex syntax [C/C++]
Doesn’t support program namespace [C]
Incapable of solving modern, real-world programming challenges [C]
Less efficient object-oriented system compared to other OOP-based programming languages [C++]
Need to manually create the high-level constructs [C]
No garbage collection or dynamic memory allocation [C/C++]
No run-time checking [C/C++]
No strict type checking [C]
Not an easy first-choice for learning programming [C/C++]
Plagued by the issues of buffer overflow and memory corruption [C/C++]
Smaller standard library [C]

R programming language is one of the most commonly used programming languages for Data Analysis and Machine Learning. R provides an excellent framework and built-in libraries to develop powerful Machine Learning algorithms. R is also used for general statistical computing as well as graphics. R has been well adopted by enterprises. Those who wish to join “Analytics” team of a large organization should definitely learn R.

Pros:

Ability to run seamlessly on various operations systems
Active, mushrooming community
Being open-source and free grants the ability to make tweaks as per the requirements
Comprehensive statistical analysis language
Highly extensible
Powerful package ecosystem

Cons:

Lacks security features
No strict programming guidelines
Poor memory management
Quality of some packages is subpar

Go, also known as Golang, is a programming language built by Google. Go provides excellent support for multithreading and so, it is being used by a lot of companies that rely heavily on distributed systems. Go is widely used in startups in Silicon Valley. However, it is yet to be adopted by Indian companies/startups. Those who wish to join a Valley-based startup specializing in core systems should master Golang.

Pros:

Backed by Google
Being a statically-typed language makes it more secure
Cleaner syntax makes it easier to learn
Comprehensive standard library offering a range of inbuilt functions for working with primitive types
Ideal for building SPAs (single-page applications)
Smart documentation
Very fast as it is compiled to machine code

Cons:

Absence of a virtual machine makes complex programs less efficient
Implicit interfaces
Lacks versatility
No GUI library
Underprivileged library support

MATLAB is a statistical analysis tool that is used in various industries for Data Analysis. MATLAB is used widely in the Computer Vision and Image processing industry as well.

Pros:

Eases developing scientific simulation thanks to a rich inbuilt library
Functionality can be extended greatly by adding toolboxes
High coding efficiency and productivity as it doesn’t require a compiler for execution
Ideal for developing scientific research applications
Matlab Coder allows converting code for using in other programming languages, such as C++, Java, and Python
Platform-independent

Cons:

Not free to use, requires purchasing a license
Not much application beyond the scope of numerical computing
Dealing with errors generated during cross-compilation requires extensive knowledge and experience
Slower due to being an interpreted programming language

Python and JavaScript are hot in the startup world. Many startups use Django (Python), Flask (Python), and NodeJS (JavaScript) as their backend frameworks. Python and JavaScript are easy-to-learn and therefore considered the best programming languages to learn for beginners. Moreover, both of them also provide a huge market opportunity. Therefore, those who are looking for a job change may also consider learning them.
Java and PHP are hot in the corporate world. Many organizations use Spring (Java) and Codeigniter (PHP) as their web backend framework.
R and MATLAB are hot in the Analytics world. If you wish to develop a career in data analytics, these are the languages to learn.
C/C++ and Golang are the top choices in building low-latency and scalable systems.

Interesting vocabulary